Conventional and Simulated Vision Screening Among Students of Public Junior Secondary School in Osogbo Southwest Nigeria-A Comparative Study

Adedolapo Olaopa; Caroline Olufunlayo Adeoti; Benedictus Gboyega Ajayi; Abiodun Adeomi; Michaeline Asuquo Isawumi

Authors

Adedolapo Olaopa Osun State University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo
Caroline Olufunlayo Adeoti
Benedictus Gboyega Ajayi
Abiodun Adeomi
Michaeline Asuquo Isawumi

Keywords:

conventional, simulated, visual acuity, colour vision, validity

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate an innovative application using comparative vision screening tools in secondary students in Osogbo, Nigeria.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 496 secondary school students. A web application with the capacity of assessing visual acuity and colour vision was developed denovo and used for simulation. The simulated
approach was based on a programme designed to run on a computer. Conventional visual acuity (VA) testing was performed using Snellen chart and was taken as the line completed and read correctly. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the simulated method in comparison with the conventional approach were determined. Kappa statistics was used to assess the level of agreement between the two approaches.

Results: The mean age of the respondents was 11.79 ± 1.50 years with a male:female ratio of 1.4:1. The prevalence of abnormal VA in the study participants was 7.9%. There was substantial agreement between the two approaches for the
right eye VA measurements (Kappa = 0.773; p < 0.001). There was also substantial agreement between the two approaches for colour vision measurement in the right eye (Kappa = 0.764; p < 0.001). The simulated approach had a sensitivity of 98.5%, specificity 90.9%, PPV 99.34% and NPV of 81.08% for VA measurements. It had a sensitivity of 97.86%, specificity 92.86%, PPV 99.57% and NPV of 72.22% for colour vision.

Conclusion: The conventional and simulated approaches have a significant level of agreement in the test results for both visual acuity and colour vision.

Views | Downloads: 26 / 9

References

Learning disabilities, dyslexia and vision. American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Ophthalmology, American

Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus and American Association of Certified Orthopist Pediatrics. AAPOS. 2009;124:837-844.

Reddy PA, Bassett K. Developing better strategies for school eye health screening in India. Community eye health Journal. 2017;30:29-30.

Ubajaka CF, Ebenebe UE, Nwankwo LO Egenti NB, Adugu PO, Ejiofor OS. Visual Acuity Status among Secondary School

Students in South-East Nigeria. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2016;6:152-159.

Megbelayin OE, Asana EU. Visual impairment among school children; Calabar Vision Screening Survey in Secondary Schools.Int J Ophtalmol. 2010;10:18-30.

College of Optometric in Vision Development. Binocular Vision Perception and Pediatric Optometry. http://cymcdn.com/sites/www,coved.org Accessed on January 4,2019.

Children’s Vision Screening Prevent blindness. http://www. pre vent blindness. org/children’svision screening. Last

accessed on January 4, 2019.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Health across Lifespan. Vision health Initiative. http://www.edc.gov/visionhealth/basicinformation/lifespan.htm .Last accessed on December27, 2018.

Tabansi PN, Anochie JC, Nkanginieme KE, Pedro-Egbe CN. Screening for Congenital Colour Vision Deficiency in Primary School Children in PortHarcourt city; Teachers, Knowledge and performance Nig J Med. 2008;17:428-432.

Adegbehingbe BO, Oladehinde MK, Majemgbasan TO, Onakpoya HO, Osagiede EO. Screening of Adolescents High Schools, Ghana Medical Journal. 2005;39:138-142.

Osun State Government, Osogbo Osun State in Brief http;//osun state government.ng2017. Date assessed October 2018.

Araoye MO. Research Methodology for Health and Social Sciences Nathadex Publishers: Ilorin. 2003;117-119.

Ayanniyi AA, Mahmoud AO, Olatunji F. Causes and Prevalence of Ocular Mobility among Primary School Children in Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010;13:248- 253.

Gallaway M. The need for better school vision screening. The use of VERA vision screening in a community setting. OVD. 2010;41:232.

Wilkinson ME. Visual Acuity Testing. Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. 2015; 1- 6.

Thompson WD, Evans BA. New Approach to Vision Screening in Schools. Ophthal Physio Opt. 1999;19:196-209.

Black JM, Jacobs RJ, Phillips G, Chen L, Tan E, Tran A et al. An assessment of the iPad as a testing platform for distance

visual acuity in adults. Br Med J Open. 2013;3 e002730.

Manzano AA, Lagamayo MA. A Comparison of Distance Visual Acuity Testing using Standard ETDRS Chart

and a Tablet Device. Philipp J Ophthalmol. 2015;40:88-92.

Bastawrous A, Rono HK, Livingstone AT, Weiss HA, Jordan S, Kuper H et al. Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based Visual Acuity test (Peek Acuity) for Clinical Practice and Community Based Fieldwork. JAMA

Ophthalmology. 2015;5:1468.

Rono HK, Bastawrous A, Macleod D, Wanjala E, Gichuhi S, Burton MJ. Peek Community Eye Health- MHealth system to increase access and efficiency of eye health services in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya: Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. 2019;20:502.

Kniestedt C, Stamper R. Visual acuity and its measurement. Ophthalmol Clin N Am.2003;16:155-170.

Bodack MI, Chung I, Krumholtz I. An analysis of vision screening data from New York City public schools. Optometry. 2010;81:476-484.

Ing EB, Parker JA, Emerton LA. Computer colour vision testing. Can J Ophthalmol. 1994;29:125-128.

Semary N, Marey HM. An Evaluation of Computer Based Colour Vision Deficiency Test: Egypt as a study case.

http://www.vischeck.com/CVD online simulator and photoshop plugin. Accessed July 2020.

Rahman SA, Singh PN, Nanda PK. Comparison of the incidence of colour vision defect between sections of Libyan

and Indian population. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol. 1998;17:271-275.

Pickford RW, Pickford R. Frequency of colour vision defect among Zulu in Natal. J Bio Soc Sci. 1981;13:241-248.

Marey HM, Semary NA, Mandor SS. Ishihara Electronic Colour Blindness Test: An Evaluative Study Ophthalmology Research. An International Journal. 2015;3:67-72.