Setting up an ROP Screening Program in a Developing Country
Being the text of a presentation during the breakfast symposium which held during the 47th Annual Scientific Conference of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria on 31st August 2023.
Keywords:
ROP Screening, Developing CountryAbstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an avoidable cause of irreversible blindness in babies who are born prematurely where abnormal and proliferative development of retinal blood vessels
occurs in preterm babies that are exposed to supplemental oxygen. More and more babies are
beginning to develop ROP as more babies survive as the level of neonatal care improves in our
hospitals. 1,2 The occurrence of ROP blindness varies dramatically with the socioeconomic
development of the country and also may even vary within regions of the same country depending on the facility and expertise available to them. 3 These retinal changes can only be detected if it is looked for, on time and treated appropriately. 4,5 Therefore, health care professionals who care for preterm infants in both neonatal intensive care units and community settings must know who could have ROP, who to screen for it, when to screen for it and how. 6-9
References
Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E, Idueta LS, Hazel E, Okwaraji YB, Erchick DJ, Yargawa J, Katz J, Lee ACC, Diaz M, Salasibew M, Requejo J, Hayashi C, Moller AB, Borghi E, Black RE, Blencowe H; Lancet Small Vulnerable Newborn Steering Committee; WHO/UNICEF Preterm Birth Estimates Group; National
Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Group; Subnational Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Group. Small
babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet. 2023 May 20;401(10389):1707-1719. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00522-6. Epub 2023 May 8. PMID: 37167989.
Sharma D, Murki S. Making neonatalintensive care: cost effective. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021 Jul;34 (14):2375-2383. doi: 10.1080/14767 058.2019.1660767. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31446821.
Quinn GE. Retinopathy of prematurity blindness worldwide: phenotypes in the third epidemic. Eye Brain. 2016 May 19;8:31-36. doi: 10.2147/EB.S94436. PMID: 28539799; PMCID: PMC 539 8741.
Modrzejewska M. Retinopatia wczeœnia ków—obraz kliniczny. Aktualne poglady na temat profilaktyki i leczenia [Retinopathy of prematurity: clinical findings and current opinions on diagnosis and treatment]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2006;52(1):73-8; discussion 78. Polish. PMID: 17131850.
Venkatesh R, Dave PA, Gurav P, Agarwal M, Jajoo M, Gupta V. ROP examination of premature babies at an
eye hospital referred from urban and semi-urban NICUs. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2020 Jul;12(24):226-235. doi: 10.3126/nepjoph.v12i2.26273. PMID: 33978617.
Retinopathy of prematurity: guidelines for screening and treatment. The report of a Joint Working Party of The Royal College of Ophthalmologists and the British Association of Perinatal Medicine. Early Hum Dev.
Nov 21;46(3):239-58. PMID: 8922 568.
Al-Khaled T, Patel SN, Valikodath NG, Jonas KE, Ostmo S, Allozi R, Hallak J, Campbell JP, Chiang MF, Chan RVP. Characterization of Errors in Retinopathy of Prematurity Diagnosis by Ophthalmologists-in-Training in the United States and Canada. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023 Sep-Oct;60(5):337-343. doi: 10.3928/
-20220609-01. Epub 2022 Oct 20. PMID: 36263935.
Uhumwangho O, Israel-Aina Y. Awareness and screening for retinopathy of prematurity among paediatricians in Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2013 Jul-Sep;3(3):33-45. PMID: 25717461; PMCID: PMC4337208.
Adio A, Aliyu SS, Balarabe AH, Mosudi K, Ademola-Popoola D, Lawal T. Nigerian neonatologists perception and experience with retinopathy of prematurity. J Public Health Afr. 2021 Jun 23;12(1):1289. doi: 10.4081/jphia.2021.1289. PMID: 34267892;PMCID: PMC8256310.
Sen P, Wu WC, Chandra P, Vinekar A, Manchegowda PT, Bhende P. Retinopathy of prematurity treatment: Asian perspectives. Eye (Lond). 2020 Apr;34(4):632-642. doi: 10.1038/s41433-019-0643-4. Epub 2019 Oct 29. PMID: 31664193; PMCID: PMC7093470.
Dammann O, Hartnett ME, Stahl A. Retinopathy of prematurity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2023 May;65(5):625-631.doi: 10.1111/dmcn.15468. Epub 2022Nov 21. PMID: 36408783.
Sabri K, Ells AL, Lee EY, Dutta S, Vinekar A. Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments. Pediatrics. 2022 Sep 1;150(3):e 2021 053924. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-053924. PMID: 35948728.
Adio AO, Ugwu RO, Nwokocha CG, Eneh AU. Retinopathy of prematurity in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. ISRN Ophthal- mol. 2014 Feb 4;2014:481527. doi: 10.1155/2014/ 481527. PMID: 24649375; PMCID: PMC3932233.
Hong EH, Shin YU, Cho H. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of epidemi-ology and current treatment strategies. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022 Mar;65(3):115- 126. doi: 10.3345/cep.2021.00773. Epub 2021 Oct 12. PMID: 34645255; PMCID: PMC88 98617.
Rajan RP, Kannan NB, Sen S, C L, Jena S, Kumar K, Vijayalakshmi P, Ramasamy K. Clinico-demographic
profile and outcomes of 25-gauge vitrectomy in advanced stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes
Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021 Jul;259(7):1695-1701. doi: 10.1007/ s00417-020-05063-2. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
PMID: 33409680.
Kuprjanowicz L, Kubasik-K³adna K, Modrzejewska M. Wyniki leczenia operacyjnego retinopatii wcze œniaczej —przeglad piœmiennictwa [Outcomes of surgical management of retinopathy of prematurity—an over-view]. Klin Oczna. 2014; 116(2): 138-41. Polish. PMID: 25345295.
Hong EH, Shin YU, Cho H. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of epide- miology and current treatment stra- tegies. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022 Mar; 65(3):115-126. doi: 10.3345/cep.2021.00773. Epub 2021 Oct 12. PMID: 34645255; PMCID: PMC 8898617.
Azad R, Gilbert C, Gangwe AB, Zhao P, Wu WC, Sarbajna P, Vinekar A. Retinopathy of Prematurity: How to Prevent the Third Epidemics in Developing Countries. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020 Sep-Oct;9(5):440-448. doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000313. PMID: 32925293.
Gilbert C, Malik ANJ, Nahar N, Das SK, Visser L, Sitati S, Ademola-Popoola DS. Epidemiology of ROP update - Africa is the new frontier. Semin Perinatol. 2019 Oct;43(6):317-322. doi: 10.1053/ j.semperi.2019.05.002. Epub 2019 May 11. PMID: 31151778.
Kim SJ, Port AD, Swan R, Campbell JP, Chan RVP, Chiang MF. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of risk factors and their clinical significance. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018 Sep-Oct;63(5):618- 637. doi: 10.1016/j.survoph thal. 2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29679617; PMCID: PMC6089661.
Hellström A, Smith LE, Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity. Lancet. 2013 Oct 26;382(9902):1445-57. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60178-6. Epub 2013 Jun 17. PMID: 23782686; PMCID: PMC4389630.
Fajolu IB, Rotimi-Samuel A, Aribaba OT, Musa KO, Akinsola FB, Ezeaka VC, Onakoya AO. Retinopathy of pre- maturity and associated factors in Lagos, Nigeria. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2015;35(4):324-328. doi: 10.1080/2046 9047.2015.1109277. PMID: 2674 4157.
Adio AO, Ugwu RO, Nwokocha CG, Eneh AU. Retinopathy of prematurity in port
harcourt, Nigeria. ISRN Ophthalmol. 2014 Feb 4;2014:481527. doi: 10.1155/2014/481527. PMID: 2464
; PMCID: PMC3932233.
Ademola-Popoola DS, Onakoya AO, Ezisi CN, Okeigbemen VW, Aghaji AE, Musa KO, Adio AO, Ibrahim YA,
Oguego NC. Case series of retinopathy of prematurity blindness in Nigeria: A wakeup call to policy makers, hospitals, 18 ophthalmologists and paediatricians. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct- Dec;28(4):303-306. doi: 10.4103/ npmj.npmj_595_21. PMID: 34850760.
Christiansen SP, Dobson V, Quinn GE, Good WV, Tung B, Hardy RJ, Baker JD, Hoffman RO, Reynolds JD, Rychwalski PJ, Shapiro MJ; Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Progression of type 2 to type 1 retinopathy of prematurity in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010 Apr;128(4):461-5. doi: 10.1001/ archophthalmol.2010.34. PMID:
Chiang MF, Quinn GE, Fielder AR, Ostmo SR, Paul Chan RV, Berrocal A, Binenbaum G, Blair M, Peter Campbell J, Capone A Jr, Chen Y, Dai S, Ells A, Fleck BW, Good WV, Elizabeth Hartnett M, Holmstrom G, Kusaka S, Kychenthal A, Lepore D, Lorenz B, Martinez- Castellanos MA, Özdek ª, Ademola-Popoola D, Reynolds JD, Shah PK, Shapiro M, Stahl A, Toth C, Vinekar A, Visser L, Wallace DK, Wu WC, Zhao P,
Zin A. International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, Third Edition. Ophthalmology. 2021 Oct;128 (10):e51-e68. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha. 2021.05.031. Epub 2021 Jul 8. PMID: 34247850.
Ademola-Popoola D, Adesiyun O, Durotoye IA, Obasa TO. Screening programme for retinopathy of
prematurity in Ilorin, Nigeria: a pilot study. West Afr J Med. 2013 Oct- Dec;32(4):281-5. English, French. PMID: 24488284.
Adio A, Aliyu SS, Balarabe AH, Mosudi K, Ademola-Popoola D, Lawal T. Nigerian neonatologists perception and experience with retinopathy of prematurity. J Public Health Afr. 2021 Jun 23;12(1):1289. doi: 10.4081/ jphia.2021.1289. PMID: 34267892;PMCID: PMC8256310.
Ademola-Popoola DS, Fajolu IB, Gilbert C, Olusanya BA, Onakpoya OH, Ezisi CN, Musa KO, Chan RVP, Okeigbemen VW, Muhammad RC, Malik ANJ, Adio AO, Bodunde OT, Rafindadi AL, Oluleye TS, Tongo OO, Badmus SA, Adebara OV, Padhi TR, Ezenwa BN, Obajolowo TS, Olokoba LB, Olatunji VA, Babalola YO, Ugalahi MO, Adenekan A, Adesiyun OO, Sahoo J, Miller MT, Uhumwangho OM, Olagbenro AS,
Adejuyigbe EA, Ezeaka CVC, Mokuolu O, Ogunlesi TA, Ogunfowora OB, Abdulkadir I, Abdullahi FL, Fabiyi AT,
Hassan LHL, Baiyeroju AM, Opara PI, Oladigbolu K, Eneh AU, Fiebai BE, Mahmud-Ajeigbe FA, Peter EN,
Abdullahi HS. Strengthening retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment services in Nigeria: a case
study of activities, challenges and outcomes 2017-2020. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2021 Aug 23;6(1):e000645.
doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000645. PMID: 34514173; PMCID: PMC 8383855.
Hariharan L, Gilbert CE, Quinn GE, Barg FK, Lomuto C, Quiroga A, McLeod- Omawale J, Zin A, Ortiz Z, Alda E, Bouzas L, Brussa M, Cattaino A, Dinerstein A, Erpen N, Fandiño A, Galina L, Manzitti J, Marinaro S,
Sepúlveda T, Visintín P, Silva JC, Magluta C, Benitez A. Reducing Blindness from Retinopathy of
Prematurity (ROP) in Argentina Through Collaboration, Advocacy and Policy Implementation. Health Policy
Plan. 2018 Jun 1;33(5):654-665. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czy004. PMID: 29668967.
Azad R, Chandra P. Retinopathy of prematurity. J Indian Med Assoc. 2005 Jul;103(7):370-2. PMID: 16366189.
Aralikatti AK, Mitra A, Denniston AK, Haque MS, Ewer AK, Butler L. Is ethnicity a risk factor for severe
retinopathy of prematurity? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010 May;95(3):F174-6. doi: 10.1136/
adc.2009.160366. Epub 2009 Nov 29. PMID: 19948526.
Drack A. Retinopathy of prematurity. Adv Pediatr. 2006;53:211-26. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2006.04.010. PMID: 17089868.
Padhi TR, Badhani A, Mahajan S, Savla LP, Sutar S, Jalali S, Das T. Barriers to timely presentation for appropriate care of retinopathy of prematurity in Odisha, Eastern India. Indian J Ophthalmol.2019 Jun;67(6):824-827. doi: 10.4103/ ijo.IJO_972_18. PMID: 31124495;PMCID: PMC6552581.
Ademola-Popoola DS, Onakoya AO, Ezisi CN, Okeigbemen VW, Aghaji AE, Musa KO, Adio AO, Ibrahim YA,
Oguego NC. Case series of retinopathy of prematurity blindness in Nigeria: A wakeup call to policy makers, hospitals, ophthalmologists and paediatricians. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct- Dec;28(4):303-306. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_595_21. PMID: 34850760.
Kemper AR, Prosser LA, Wade KC, Repka MX, Ying GS, Baumritter A, Quinn GE; e-ROP Study Cooperative
Group. A Comparison of Strategies for Retinopathy of Prematurity Detection. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):e20152256. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2256. Epub 2015Dec 15. PMID: 26672022; PMCID: PMC4702020.
Fierson WM; American Academy Of Pediatrics Section On Ophthalmology; American Academy Of Ophthalmology; American Association For Pediatric Ophthalmology And Strabismus; American Association Of Certified Orthoptists. Screening Examination of Premature Infants for Retinopathy of Prematurity.
Pediatrics. 2018Dec;142(6):e20183061. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-3061. Erratum in: Pediatrics.2019 Mar;143(3): PMID: 30478242.
Kremer LJ, Reith DM, Medlicott N, et al. Systematic review of mydriatics used for screening of retinopathy in premature infants. BMJ Paediatrics Open 2019;3:e000448. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000448
Anita Mitchell, Richard W Hall, Stephen W. Erickson, Charlotte Yates & Howard Hendrickson (2016) Systemic Absorption of Cyclopentolate and Adverse Events After Retinopathy of Prematurity Exams, Current Eye Research, 41:12, 1601-1607, DOI: 10.3109/02713683. 2015.1136419
Fajolu IB, Dedeke IOF, Ezenwa BN, Ezeaka VC. Non-pharmacological pain relief interventions in preterm neonates undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2023 Dec 6;8(1) :e001271. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023- 001271. PMID: 38057104; PMCID:
PMC10711824.
Pollaci M, Schlenk EA, Baum C, Godfrey K. Supportive Interventions to Reduce Pain and Stress During Ophthalmic Examinations for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Premature Infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2021 Aug 1;21(4):274- 279. doi: 10.1097/ANC.00000 0000 0000803. PMID: 33278104.
Wood MG, Kaufman LM. Apnea and bradycardia in two premature infants during routine outpatient retinopathy of prematurity screening. J AAPOS. 2009 Oct;13(5):501-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos. 2009.04.008. Epub 2009 May 30. PMID: 19482499.
Oluleye TS, Rotimi-Samuel A, Adenekan A. Mobile phones for retinopathy of prematurity screening in Lagos, Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016 Jan-Feb;26(1):92-4. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000666. Epub 2015 Sep 8. PMID: 26350984.
Danish E, Hadrawi M, Tayyib A, Babgi R. Effects of Early Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study. J Pediatr Ophth - almol Strabismus. 2021 Jul-Aug;58 (4):240-245. doi: 10.3928/01913913- 20210122-02. Epub 2021 Jul 1. PMID: 34288772.
Danish E, Hadrawi M, Tayyib A, Babgi R. Effects of Early Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A 20 Retrospective Study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021 Jul- Aug;58(4):240-245. doi: 10.3928/ 01913913- 20210122-02. Epub 2021 Jul 1. PMID: 34288772.
Chang E, Josan AS, Purohit R, Patel CK, Xue K. A Network Meta-Analysis of Retreatment Rates following Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Afli -bercept, and Laser for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2022
Dec;129(12):1389-1401. doi: 10.1016/ j.ophtha.2022.06.042. Epub 2022 Jul 14. PMID: 35842190.
VanderVeen DK, Melia M, Yang MB, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Lambert SR. Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Primary Treatment of Type 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017 May;124(5):619-633. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.12.025. Epub 2017 Mar 22. PMID: 28341474.
Hartnett ME. Retinopathy of Prematurity: Evolving Treatment With Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020 Oct; 218:208-213. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo. 2020. 05.025. Epub 2020 May 23. Erratum in: Am J Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov;231:213. PMID: 32450064; PMCID: PMC 7529736.
Chawla D, Agarwal R, Deorari A, Paul VK, Chandra P, Azad RV. Retinopathy of prematurity. Indian J Pediatr. 2012 Apr;79(4):501-9. doi: 10.1007/s12098- 010-0279-7. Epub 2010 Oct 27. PMID: 20978871.
Martins TGDS, Andreghetto LAF, Brito RM, Provenzano LB, Fowler S. Evaluation of the prematurity retino- pathy and other eye changes in the newborn. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2022 May 6;20:eAO6692. doi: 10.31744/ einstein_journal/2022AO6692. PMID: 35544894; PMCID: PMC9071256.
VanderVeen DK, Cataltepe SU. Anti- vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Perinatol. 2019 Oct;43(6):375-380. doi: 10.1053/ j.semperi.2019.05.011. Epub 2019 May 10. PMID: 31174872.
Eilts SK, Pfeil JM, Poschkamp B, Krohne TU, Eter N, Barth T, Guthoff R, Lagrèze W, Grundel M, Bründer MC, Busch M, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Chiang MF, Chan RVP, Coyner AS, Ostmo S, Campbell JP, Stahl A; Comparing Alternative Ranibizumab Dosages for Safety and Efficacy in Retinopathy of Prematurity (CARE-ROP) Study Group. Assessment of Retinopathy of Prematurity Regression and Reactivation Using an
Artificial Intelligence-Based Vascular Severity Score. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jan 3;6(1):e2251512. doi: 10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2022.51512. PMID: 36656578; PMCID: PMC9857423.
Seery CW, Betesh S, Guo S, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N, Wagner RS. Update on the Use of Anti-VEGF Drugs in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020 Nov 1;57(6):351-362. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20200824-02. PMID: 33211892.
Grover S, Katoch D, Dogra MR, Kumar P. Programs for Detecting and Treating Retinopathy of Prematurity: Role of the Neonatal Team. Indian Pediatr. 2016 Nov 7;53 Suppl 2:S93-S99. PMID: 27915314.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
